The European Union is organized and operates on the basis of the Treaties concluded by the Member States. The division of competences between the Member States and the Union has been achieved not only by Treaties but also by the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. In the fi eld of health, the Union has limited competences, which are of three kinds, depending on their purpose. On the one hand, the EU has shared c...

On 23 October 2019, the Directive nr. 2019/1937 on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law was adopted with a twofold objective: improving the enforcement of European Union law and policies in specific areas and laying down common minimum standards for a high level of protection of „whistleblowers”, meaning persons reporting breaches of law mainly in a work-related context. Given the very broad scope of the Direct...

The article sums up relevant case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union for 2018 in the field of preliminary ruling procedure, paying particular attention to elements of novelty brought by decisions related to this procedure. Constitutional issues raised in the Court case-law and in relation to the meaning of „court or tribunal of a Member State” according to Article 267 TFEU, along with the faculty or obligation to subm...