The present article deals with various expressions of proportionality in the legal order of the European Union (EU). The proportionality principle originally focused on justifications put forward by the Member States when they introduced or maintained restrictions to fundamental freedoms of the internal market. However, it quickly ‘spread’ to other situations falling within the scope of EU law. The article defines what the principle...

This article sets out the context and effects of the decision of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (“CCF”) of 5 May 2020 on one of the European Central Bank’s monetary policy programmes. For the first time, the CCF openly refuses to follow a decision rendered by the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”), meaning the judgment of 11 December 2018, Case Weiss and Others, C-493/17. German constitutional judges found...