Political advertising is a field that affects not only individual behaviours but also societies as a whole. The use of new technologies, profiling, automated decision processes, access to data are key elements of political advertising. The article discusses the legislative and judicial safeguards for the protection of fundamental rights, at European and Romanian level.

The present article analyses the consent as a foundation for the use of cookies. In the case of cookies, the lack of consent or its inadequacy is one of the most frequent causes of incidents related to the protection of personal data. The explanation would reside in the fact that, in the current legislative context, there are (still) no binding legal rules on this issue. Instead, there are guidelines issued by the supervisory authorities of th...

The Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on Artificial Intelligence (the Artificial Intelligence Act) gives the opportunity to discuss not only issues related to positive law or the future impact of artificial intelligence regulation on data with personal character but also topical aspects of the relationship between the two elements: personal data and artificial intelligence. The...

The Digital Markets Act (DMA) has the potential to not only revolutionise the framework for EU competition law in its current form, but also transform the application of fundamental rights. As part of the EU’s wider digital agenda and together with its twin regulation the Digital Services Act (DSA), the DMA aims at ending the negative connotations of notoriously under-regulated and economically motivated internet use, while at the s...

The present article deals with various expressions of proportionality in the legal order of the European Union (EU). The proportionality principle originally focused on justifications put forward by the Member States when they introduced or maintained restrictions to fundamental freedoms of the internal market. However, it quickly ‘spread’ to other situations falling within the scope of EU law. The article defines what the principle...

La révolution numérique des dernières décennies a facilité les progrès dans de nombreux domaines d’activité et permis à un nombre croissant de personnes d’accéder à divers types de produits et de services, tout en réduisant considérablement les coûts. Les systèmes juridiques des États se sont à leur tour adaptés à la nouvelle réalité sociale, affectée par l’évolution des technologies de l’information et de la communication. Le prése...

This paper examines the direct horizontal effect of the provisions of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (hereinafter “the Charter”), the indirect extraterritorial application of the Charter’s provisions across borders of the European Union and an atypical application of the Charter in a recent case brought before the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter “CJEU”), namely Privacy International. In t...